Trigeminal neuralgia (TN), also known as tic douloureux, manifests as recurrent, brief and paroxysmal severe pain within the distribution area of the trigeminal nerve on the face. Though the pain occurs on the face, it is one of the most common cranial nerve disorders. Patients suffer greatly from the excruciating attacks, which severely impair their quality of life. The incidence peaks between the ages of 50 and 70.

Symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia usually involve sudden severe facial pain lasting from several seconds to several minutes. The pain mostly affects one side of the face, particularly around the face, jaw and teeth. The agony can be so intense that patients cannot move or speak normally. Other associated symptoms may include facial numbness, drooling and dental hypersensitivity.

Trigeminal neuralgia has diverse causes, including vascular compression, hyperplasia or degeneration of bone tissue, facial trauma, tumors and more. These factors may trigger abnormal stimulation or compression of the trigeminal nerve, thereby inducing pain.

Location of Pain

Pain is strictly confined to the distribution of the trigeminal nerve and mostly occurs unilaterally.The nerve has three branches:

1. Ophthalmic branch (V1): Pain arises in the orbit, eyeball, forehead and surrounding areas.

2. Maxillary branch (V2): Pain mainly affects the cheek, upper lip and maxillary teeth.

3. Mandibular branch (V3): Pain is located in the lower lip, mandibular teeth and chin.

Sometimes two or all three branches may be involved simultaneously.

Nature of Pain

The pain comes on suddenly and ceases abruptly, described as lightning-like, stabbing, burning or electric-shock agony with unbearable intensity.

While we cannot completely prevent trigeminal neuralgia, certain measures can lower the risk. First, maintain a healthy lifestyle including balanced diet, moderate exercise and avoidance of excessive stress to sustain physical wellness and prevent diseases. Second, receive regular general and facial examinations for timely detection and treatment of potential health conditions.

Here are key reminders for people living with trigeminal neuralgia:

1. Avoid triggering factors: Stimuli such as cold or heat and wind may trigger attacks. Try to stay away from these triggers to relieve pain.

2. Balanced diet: Avoid overly hard or icy food to prevent irritation to teeth and facial nerves. Adequate water intake also helps ease discomfort.

3. Stable mood: Mood swings can aggravate pain. Learn to regulate emotions and stay relaxed.

4. Seek medical care promptly: Consult doctors for examination and treatment in case of persistent facial pain or other abnormal symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment help relieve pain and improve prognosis.

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